Two systematists, D. Brooks & E. Wiley, wrote Evolution as Entropy (1986) based on I. Prigogine's observations of chemical systems and his expanded view of the Second Law. Living organisms are self-organizing, energy– and information–capturing dissipative structures, they argued. Life forms are like the "sentences in a language," able to generate infinite, orderly, forms from finite biological materials and a flow of energy, where their boundaries include physical existence, functional competence, and evolutionary history, and it may be that once the information system of a species reaches a certain stage of complexity it bifurcates, speciates.